Comprehensive Review of Modification, Optimisation, and Characterisation Methods Applied to Plant-Based Natural Coagulants (PBNCs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment

This review investigates the modification, optimisation, and characterisation of plant-based natural coagulants applied to water treatment. The disadvantages materials hinder their application as alternatives chemical coagulants, necessitating modification alter enhance physicochemical properties, making them suitable for application. Modification via microwave-assisted grafting copolymerisation has been found be most preferred approach compared conventional methods. Optimisation coagulation process using response surface methodology shown practical. Different techniques are used in determining properties coagulants. Some these have tabulated, describing each technique is capable investigating. In conclusion, optimisation will result production new that stable